Hey,
It seems to be something with the MAC address of the new Primary being injected and the ARP table repopulation.
I believe this happened:
1. You had the previous Primary/Active and Secondary/standby scenario.
2. The Secondary/Standby becomes Secondary/Active because Primary fails, then the Secondary is using the Primary´s MAC addresses.
2. You replaced the Primary with another ASA, then when establishing the Failover the Secondary/Active retakes the new MAC addresses from the new Primary/Standby.
3. During your troubleshooting, the neighoring devices were sending the traffic to the incorrect and old MAC address instead of the new one. It started to work again because they ARP request again.
To overcome these kind of situations, I recommend using manually configured mac addresses.
Makes sense?
JJ