Typically, the device prioritizes console output ahead of other functions. The debug spanning-tree bpdu generates a lot of output. That is what jumped the CPU to 100% and ultimately caused the device to crash.You should be very careful with debug com...
There is no way to accommodate networks 10.0.0.0/ 24 through 10.0.239.0/24 in one ACL statement. The most efficient solution is the one that you have already presented.