Hello, based on a discussion posted earlier in NSO Developer Hub ("Service Upgrade" with Python available?), I produced a full write-up on how to use the Python API to upgrade services, e.g. when YANG models change. This example is similar to the Java-based service upgrade show in .../examples.ncs/getting-started/14-upgrade-service. The initial package and the upgraded packages including Python code are attached. Thanks to Jan Lindblad for his guidance. Mike 1. Create project and package $ cd ~/dev/NSO/projects $ ncs-setup --dest ./python-upgrade $ cd python-upgrade/packages $ ncs-make-package --service-skeleton python-and-template sample 2. Write Service YANG Module   augment /ncs:services {     list sample {       description “This is an RFS skeleton service”;       key name;       leaf name {         tailf:info “Unique service id”;         tailf:cli-allow-range;         type string;       }       uses ncs:service-data;       ncs:servicepoint sample-servicepoint;       // Define simple VRF parameters: Name and VRF-ID for route-target config       leaf vrf-name {         type string;       }       leaf vrf-id {         type uint16 {           tailf:info “<0-65535>;;VRF-ID”;           range “0..65535”;         }       }     }   } 3. Print Service YANG Module as tree $ pyang -f tree sample.yang module: sample augment /ncs:services:    +--rw sample* [name]       +--rw name                        string       ...       +--rw vrf-name?                   string       +--rw vrf-id?                     uint16 4. Import service into NSO $ ncs_cli -u admin admin connected from 127.0.0.1 using console on MLESKE-M-Q005 admin@ncs> request packages reload >>> System upgrade is starting. >>> Sessions in configure mode must exit to operational mode. >>> No configuration changes can be performed until upgrade has completed. >>> System upgrade has completed successfully. reload-result {     package sample     result true } [ok][2017-09-28 09:54:12] admin@ncs> 5. Configure 2 Sample services admin@ncs% set services sample 100 vrf-name vrf100 vrf-id 100 admin@ncs% set services sample 101 vrf-name vrf101 vrf-id 101 admin@ncs% commit admin@ncs% show services sample sample 100 {     vrf-name vrf100;     vrf-id   100; } sample 101 {     vrf-name vrf101;     vrf-id   101; } 6. Duplicate “sample” package to prepare YANG + Python Upgrade $ cp -R sample upgrade/sample-v1  # This will be our backup $ cp -R sample upgrade/sample-v2  # This will be our next version of the service 7. Update YANG Module in sample-v2   augment /ncs:services {     list sample {       description “This is an RFS skeleton service”;       key name;       leaf name {         tailf:info “Unique service id”;         tailf:cli-allow-range;         type string;       }       uses ncs:service-data;       ncs:servicepoint sample-servicepoint;       // Define simple VRF parameters: Name and VRF-ID for route-target config       // We have to keep the old nodes for the copy operation       leaf vrf-name {         type string;       }       leaf vrf-id {         type uint16 {           tailf:info “<0-65535>;;VRF-ID”;           range “0..65535”;         }       }       // This defines the target YANG structure       container vrf {         leaf vrf-name {           type string;         }         leaf vrf-id {           type uint16 {             tailf:info “<0-65535>;;VRF-ID”;             range “0..65535”;           }         }       }     }   } 8. Print updated Service YANG Module as tree $ pyang -f tree sample.yang module: sample augment /ncs:services:    +--rw sample* [name]       +--rw name                        string       ...       +--rw vrf-name?                   string       +--rw vrf-id?                     uint16       +--rw vrf          +--rw vrf-name?   string          +--rw vrf-id?     uint16 9. Write Python code to copy values from old to new YANG nodes $ cat ~/dev/NSO/projects/python-upgrade/packages/upgrade/sample-v2/python/sample/upgrade.py # -*- mode: python; python-indent: 4 -*- import ncs from ncs.application import Service class Main(ncs.application.Application):     def setup(self):         self.log.info(‘Upgrade Main RUNNING’)         with ncs.maapi.Maapi() as m:             with ncs.maapi.Session(m, ‘admin’, ‘python’):                 with m.start_write_trans() as t:                     root = ncs.maagic.get_root(t)                     for sample in root.services.sample:                         if sample.vrf.name is None:                             self.log.info(‘Migrating sample instace with name=‘,sample.name)                             sample.vrf.vrf_name = sample.vrf_name                             sample.vrf.vrf_id = sample.vrf_id                             sample.vrf = None                             sample.vrf_id = None                             self.log.info(‘Migration completed for sample instance ‘,sample.name)                         else:                             self.log.info(‘Service does not require migration: ‘,sample.name)                     t.apply(keep_open=False)     def teardown(self):         self.log.info(‘Upgrade Main FINISHED’) 10. Update package-meta-data file to include new python upgrade class $ cat ~/dev/NSO/projects/python-upgrade/packages/upgrade/sample-v2/package-meta-data.xml <ncs-package xmlns=“ http://tail-f.com/ns/ncs-packages” >   <name>sample</name>   <package-version>1.0</package-version>   <description>Generated Python package</description>   <ncs-min-version>4.4</ncs-min-version>   <component>     <name>main</name>     <application>       <python-class-name>sample.main.Main</python-class-name>     </application>   </component>   <component>     <name>upgrade</name>     <application>       <python-class-name>sample.upgrade.Main</python-class-name>     </application>   </component> </ncs-package> 11. Replace existing sample service with upgraded sample service $ rm -rf ~/dev/NSO/projects/python-upgrade/packages/sample $ cp -R ~/dev/NSO/projects/python-upgrade/packages/upgrade/sample-v2 ~/dev/NSO/projects/python-upgrade/packages/sample 12. Import upgraded service into NSO $ ncs_cli -u admin admin connected from 127.0.0.1 using console on MLESKE-M-Q005 admin@ncs> show configuration services sample sample 100 {     vrf-name vrf100;     vrf-id   100; } sample 101 {     vrf-name vrf101;     vrf-id   101; } admin@ncs> request packages reload reload-result {     package sample     result true } [ok][2017-09-28 10:52:23] admin@ncs> System message at 2017-09-28 10:52:23... Commit performed by admin via tcp using python. admin@ncs> admin@ncs> show configuration services sample sample 100 {     vrf {         vrf-name vrf100;         vrf-id   100;     } } sample 101 {     vrf {         vrf-name vrf101;         vrf-id   101;     } } $ tail -f ncs-python-vm-sample.log ... 2017-09-28 10:52:23 - sample - INFO - Main FINISHED 2017-09-28 10:52:23 - sample - INFO - Exited 2017-09-28 10:52:23 - sample - INFO - Goodbye cruel world... 2017-09-28 10:52:23 - sample - INFO - Starting... 2017-09-28 10:52:23 - sample - INFO - Started 2017-09-28 10:52:23 - sample - INFO - Upgrade Main RUNNING 2017-09-28 10:52:23 - sample - INFO - Main RUNNING 2017-09-28 10:52:23 - sample - INFO - Migrating sample instace with name=100 2017-09-28 10:52:23 - sample - INFO - Migration completed for sample instance 100 2017-09-28 10:52:23 - sample - INFO - Migrating sample instace with name=101 2017-09-28 10:52:23 - sample - INFO - Migration completed for sample instance 101 2017-09-28 10:52:23 - sample - INFO - Service create(service=/ncs:services/sample:sample{100}) 2017-09-28 10:52:23 - sample - INFO - Service create(service=/ncs:services/sample:sample{101}) ... ... 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