For your external/internet VLAN, I would suggest that you only configure L2 interface (VLAN) but not L3 (interface VLAN with ip address) so that connectivity will always go through the ASA firewall. ASA will have default gateway pointing towards the router interface ip address, and the switch should not have any ip address assigned to the external/internet VLAN.
Same goes to the failover VLAN. Only configure L2 interface for the failover VLAN, and configure the ASA failover interface with a /30 subnet as you only require 2 ip addresses in that subnet (one for the primary ASA and the other for the secondary ASA). The failover interface is for failover only traffic and no other traffic can pass through this subnet.