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From where do we come upto 8 bytes.
Because that's what the standard defines.
The thing which is confusing is the statement " The Fragments are specified in units of 8 bytes, which is why Fragment length must be multiple of 8" .Why Fragments are specified in units of 8 bytes ?
If you're asking why the standard chose increments of 8 bytes, I don't know if that's actually documented, but if not, likely just for two primary reasons. First, no one saw the need to deal with fragments in smaller allocations, i.e. less overhead. Second, it allows you to track size with a smaller binary number.
For the latter, consider IP segments can be (about) 2 ** 16 in size. So, to track this size, we need a 16 bit field. But if want to reduce the size of the size field, say by 3 bits (for the DF flags), we need to scale the counter by 2 ** 3 (or 8).
Something that's often overlooked years or decades later, specifications like these were defined for what was considered practical with current and near term hardware. How fast some technology evolves can come as a surprise. For example, when the IBM PC came out, there was the quote, supposedly made by Bill Gates (which he says he didn't) of "640K ought to be enough for anyone." But even if Bill didn't make such a quote, many couldn't image the need for a larger address space any time soon.
