Hello,There are protocols which run directly over IP for example  VRRP or OSPF.However there are protocols which do the same thing but are running over UDP(HSRP) or TCP(BGP)For example HSRP and VRRP are both First Hop Redundancy protocols but for som...

Hello,I understand what is EtherType - It is used to indicate which protocol  is encapsulated the payload of the frame.However I don't understand why for example L3 Packet doesn't have similar field?Why only L2 Frame needs this kind of field which wo...

Hello,I've built very simple topology in GNS with Layer 3 Switches.Static Routing is configured on IOU1 and IOU3   IOU1[12.0.0.1]----[12.0.0.2] IOU2 [23.0.0.2]------[23.0.0.3] IOU3 If I configure ports as Layer3 ( no switchport) then I am able to pin...

Hello,I've got very simply topology R1---R2---R3 RID are respectively 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 3.3.3.3 On R1 when I check show ip ospf topology I would expect Age timer to reset to zero once it reaches 1800s(Because that's when for example Router2 has to re-s...

Hi,"aaa authorization commands 15 default group tacacs+ local if-authenticated"1)Does above command authorize only level 15 users?2)Or does it authorize all level users 0-15(inclusive)?3)Or does it authorize only 2-15 levels (inclusive)?Im a bit conf...