This proves that Company A RDP works to access Company B file servers.
So that means Company A RDP Server IP range have access to Access Compnay B File Servers.
You need to below test.
Compare the IP address range you have failed to access with the RDP IP, add the same Access rules on FW's to get access for the same
you can also look at the logs in ASA see which rule was blocking(when you try to access file access from the devices)
Hope this make sense