Hello All,   i always find STP very confusing , however i am currently studying switching and i have the below questions:-   1-i believe that the root switch election will occur before the ports goes to any state , is that true?   2-why would the root bridge determine the hello interval for the nonroot switches if they will just relay the BPDUs and wont send any hello anyway?   3-if we have 5 Switches as follows, 1>2>3>4>5 , lets say all switches connected to each other by 1 link and no redundancy and switch 5 is the root , in order for switch 2 to talk to switch 1 , should it forward first the frame out of it's root port to reach the root then the root switch send this frame back to 1? or it will forward directly to switch 1? and does a reference point means that it will determine the blocked and DP ports for all switches? if yes then what does a central hub means? from the OCG "The root bridge election is based on the idea that one switch is chosen as a common reference point, and all other switches choose ports that have the best-cost path to the root. The root bridge election is also based on the idea that the root bridge can become a central hub that interconnects other legs of the network. Therefore, the root bridge can be faced with heavy switching loads in its central location."   4-i have a real switch and i have performed the debug spanning-tree switch status command , i noticed once the the port came up , it's goes directly to listening and skipped the blocking state ( 20 seconds) , why did it do that? and how did they switch know it's going to be a DP however this port roles is determined during the listening state?? i have this quote from the OCG "Because this port was eligible as a root port, the show command never could execute fast enough to show the port in the Blocking state" ... View more

Hello All,   i have couple of cisco 2950 and i would like to practice for the ccnp switch exam the issue is that i see it doesn't support RPVST or MST , is this a hardware limitation ? is there anything to do in order to add these features? ... View more

"In the distribution layer, uplinks from all access layer devices are aggregated, or come together " , can someone clarify to me what does come together means? what i understand by aggregating is all access switches traffic will be forwarded to the distribution but i don't understand what the meaning of "or come together" ... View more

Dear all,   I have configured a pickup group for a certain of users and they confirmed that pickup group is working correctly , however for a specific extension , when someone call the extension the call is forwarded to his colleague however i checked his extension and i didn't find any call forwarding , however this user is a member of Hunt Group as well , can any expert advise me from where i can start t-shoot this issue? thanks in advance. ... View more

Hello All , could anyone tell me how can i configure this option in call manager user is requesting to have this option and i have no idea how to configure it as it's my first time facing this ticket , the user already have a device profile associated with a directory number and a desk phone, thanks in advance. ... View more