Hello,
although a new Listener can be configured on the same IP Interface using port 587, the appliance cannot guess which SMTP Authentication credential is correct or which one is not. The appliance would need to either use LDAP or forward the SMTP AUTH credentials to another server using SMTP (this is called 'SMTP AUTH with forward server', as specified in the AsyncOS Advanced Configuration Guide).
I'm not sure how Gmail handles the feature you refer to, but 'asking for credentials' implies that SMTP Authentication needs to be in place here on the appliance. After configuring an SMTP Authentication profile on the appliance, you need to enable this profile on your Listener configuration. Also the Mail Flow Policy needs to have SMTP Authentication turned on, so that the '250 AUTH PLAIN LOGIN' banner advertisement is provided in the SMTP session when the Gmail server connects to the appliance.
Thanks and regards,
Martin