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Cisco QoS operation depends on platform and IOS, but in general, if your asking about CBWFQ, the bandwidth statement doesn't really reserve bandwidth, instead it guarantees a minimum when multiple classes compete for bandwidth.
For example, if two classes both had bandwidth 50 percent, if both wanted more than half the bandwidth, they would both get 50%, but if one only wanted the 25%, while the other wanted 100%, bandwidth should be split 25% to 75%.