Yes. Of course, information will be much, much more limited without something like CDP (or LLDP). For example, you might see neighboring device MACs, or IPs, and those might reveal information about a neighboring device. Or, if switch is L3 with an IGP active, you might be able to denote some information about routing neighbors from that.
The queried system isn't going to reveal much abut a neighbor, but if you do identify "interesting" MACs and/or IPs, you can then "attack" those devices for further information about them, even if only using "fingerprinting" of how those neighbor devices respond to your "attacks".
