hi all, Got a basic doubt..know lot of discussion has been happened for the same..still to get it cleared1. What cause rip to enter in hold time,is it any received metric higher than one it have or only infinite metric for a route?? After RIP enters...

how is explicit null configured???

experts...1.I have read that join/prune message are sent periodically as keepalive in PIM-SM mode.Is that periodically sent on PIM-DM also,i dont see any reason for it,but just to know if anything such is there???also2. why is graft message sent???ca...

hai experts, just now stepped into mpls world.i am refering the book "MPLS Fundamentals" by Luc De Ghein.In the implicit null portion the author states that " PHP is the default mode in cisco IOS.In case of ipv4 over mpls ,cisco ios only advertise t...