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Cisco IOS XR release 25.4.1 was posted on www.cisco.com. As part of a security hardening and infrastructure resilience exercise, Cisco is making changes to default settings, deprecating and eventually removing insecure capabilities, and int...
Local Host RoutesIn IOS and IOS-XR we have "local" host routes in the routing table. Let's have a look what they are and why we see them.Local routes are marked with "L" in the output of "show ip route".These local routes exist in the routing table f...
IntroductionBGP Multisession is the capability of BGP having multiple BGP sessions (and hence TCP sessions) between one pair of BGP speakers, even if there is only one BGP neighbor statement defined between the BGP speakers in the configuration. Thi...
Size of OSPF PacketsLinks on routers have an MTU. The outgoing packets, including OSPF packets cannot have a bigger size than the interface MTU. Let’s have a look at the behavior of OSPF and packets.This is what RFC 2328 (OSPF version 2 specification...
Hi Jonathan,The routing needs to be there end-to-end or PE-to-PE, so in overlay. BGP running between the PE routers takes care of that. So, the customer or VPN routes need to be advertised by BGP between the PE routers. So, the IGPs of the VPN, but e...
Hi,Multicast in VPN will work, PE-to-PE, without CE routers.You mention that the Default MDT is up. Do you see the other PE routers as PIM neighbors across the Default MDT (tunnel interface)?Make sure to enable PIM for the loopback interface on the P...
Hi,Ok, let's stay on the egress PE.Let's see if this makes sense:For every prefix in every VRF routing table, we make a corresponding vpnv4 prefix (RD is added to the IPv4 prefix).BGP on the egress PE then assigns a label to that vpnv4 prefix.The PE ...
