Everyone, Cisco IOS XR release 25.4.1 was posted on www.cisco.com. As part of a security hardening and infrastructure resilience exercise, Cisco is making changes to default settings, deprecating and eventually removing insecure capabilities, and int...

Local Host RoutesIn IOS and IOS-XR we have "local" host routes in the routing table. Let's have a look what they are and why we see them.Local routes are marked with "L" in the output of "show ip route".These local routes exist in the routing table f...

IntroductionBGP Multisession is the capability of BGP having multiple BGP sessions (and hence TCP sessions) between one pair of BGP speakers, even if there is only one BGP neighbor statement defined between the BGP speakers in the configuration.  Thi...

Size of OSPF PacketsLinks on routers have an MTU. The outgoing packets, including OSPF packets cannot have a bigger size than the interface MTU. Let’s have a look at the behavior of OSPF and packets.This is what RFC 2328 (OSPF version 2 specification...