For #1, using a C9300 48 (fiber) port switch, @Enes Simnica correctly pointed to the C9300-48S models. As you mention switches, plural, whether there might be a better option cannot be determined with the limited information you've provided.
For #2 and #3, they are interrelated. Enes provided a couple of examples, and noted you need a similar set of optics on both ends of the fiber link, hopefully you also understand each port could be using different optics and/or fiber type.
Generally, MM fiber is much more distance limited than SM fiber, and there are different grades of MM, with different "reach" based on the OM grade. Further, the optical transceivers, on a particular kind of fiber (for which they are intended [I recall there are a couple of optical transceivers that can be used on either MM or SM, but that has its own considerations]), also have different "reach". I.e. based on the bandwidth and distance you want to provide, there's only specific combinations of optical transceivers and fiber types (and possibly attenuators) to meet that requirement. (Besides particular optical transceivers with particular types of fiber have a maximum distance, they also sometimes have a minimum distance.)
Basically, with MM, better optical fiber grades permit additional distance, while higher bandwidth transceivers reduce distance.
For SM, generally, max distance depends on the optical transceiver standard.
(For MM fiber, you might want to take a look at the comparison table in this Wiki article. You might also find the table in this article interesting. Another two articles about fiber, Fiber Optic Cable Distance: A Comprehensive Guide and Single Mode vs Multimode Fiber, What is The Difference? .)
When you get into optics, you can also get into optical networking, which usually isn't done at any one site. (I only mention optical networking because, again, I have insufficient information to suggest different optical approaches.)
Optics is complex enough, these forums even have it as its own topic forum.
Basically, from the nature of your questions, I suspect you don't yet even know what you don't know (laugh - but we all go through that). I suggest either getting local support (i.e. contractor) to assist in designing for this requirement or you take the time and learn a lot more about optics. Otherwise, you may find you'll have optical operational issues and/or later discover you've painted yourself into a corner.
BTW, your project is a bit unusual, and it reminds me of an article I read years ago, that fiber should be used rather than copper for hosts. This because, one of the biggest expenses is installation of the cabling plant and with (the right) fiber, very likely you can increase bandwidth using the same fiber.
