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Sometimes used for the same thing, sometimes not.
Generally a fabric would be something mentioned with switches as it provides a paths between ports that are not shared. If you had ports A,B,C and D. A and C could "converse" while B and D also "converse", but without any bandwidth contention.
Generally a backplane is the what you plug cards into and is part of the "empty" chassis; it may have a fabric architecture or a bus architecture (or some combination).